Antimatter Hypothesis

“Antimatter Hypothesis: A Viral Thought Experiment” has been published in book form on the Internet today. Simply stated the Antimatter Hypothesis assumes parity between matter and antimatter in the universe. The implications are revolutionary. The book comes in two parts and takes some time to load with images and embedded video, so you need to use a high speed Internet connection. Click on the image at left to load Part 1, which deals with the Anti-Matter Matter Object (AMMO) phenomena. At the end of Part 1 is the link to Part 2, which deals with Antimatter Cosmology.

Dyatlov Pass Ball Lightning Hypothesis

Sources:

Wikipedia

The St. Petersburg Times

The Moscow Times

SFGate

Digital Bits Skeptic

Skeptoid

MetaFilter

None of the principles survived this incident; therefore no first hand account is available. It was later confirmed that strange orange lights or “bright flying spheres” were sighted in the direction of the incident from fifty kilometers farther south. The expedition might have encountered ball lightning, which is uniquely consistent with many of the details of this case. In particular, one hypothesis for ball lightning is antimatter, which has been suggested by Professor Philip M. Papaelias of the National University of Athens, Greece. Matter annihilates antimatter in Earth’s atmosphere, so the source of antimatter is extraterrestrial and complete annihilation takes from minutes to hours depending upon the initial size.

Here is the Dyatlov Pass story told as an encounter with ball lightning, or an Anti-Matter Matter Object (AMMO). The AMMO was attracted by rising heat from the fire outside the group’s tent, which generated a small thermal relative to the surrounding environment. The ball of fire descended outside the front of the tent and caused the members to abandon their tent in a hurry. They might have thought the tent was on fire and cut their way out away from the entrance. None had time to put on both boots; most only wore socks that they slept in. The hikers ran downhill, and the AMMO descended down the fall line, which gave the hikers the impression that they were being pursued.

Matter antimatter annihilations produce gamma radiation. Those who looked directly at the AMMO got sunburned faces from the invisible gamma rays. Gamma radiation will break molecular bonds. An experiment is needed to test whether gamma radiation will selectively destroy pigment molecules in hair. Prolonged exposure to sunlight can bleach pigment out of plastic, so this might explain the gray hair found on the victims. Forensic evidence suggested that the victims might have been blinded, which AMMO can do in the form of actinic conjunctivitis. Radiation was detected on clothing in the form of beta particles. Free neutrons produce beta decay, and antimatter will annihilate matter atomic nuclei and liberate neutrons in the process, which is consistent with an AMMO hypothesis. Electrostatic and gamma radiation properties of AMMO impair reasoning and the mind resorts to confabulation.

Ball lightning levitates, so only tracks of the party were found by searchers afterward. After five hundred meters, snow covered the tracks of the hikers. The search party did not arrive on the scene for another twenty-four days. That night the hikers headed for trees. Four climbed a tall pine tree to get above the pursuing AMMO. The AMMO may have pursued them for a number of reasons. Lightning will strike people standing in a field, attracted electrostatically by electrons coming through the human body from ground. The other five remained under the tree and may have been overcome by the AMMO. These five had orange to brown tan complexions from gamma radiation sunburn. The AMMO caused at least two of them to lose consciousness, Krivonischenko and Doroshenko, who may have gotten too close to the AMMO for the warmth it produced.

All the while annihilations reduced the size of the AMMO. Ball lightning might be an antimatter comet and therefore mostly ice. When ice melts it produces water and water vapor. Water vapor might give ball lightning its fiery properties, by vaporizing and mixing with matter air, annihilate and produce visual spectrum light through Compton scattering.

Some of the four in the tree climbed onto a branch five meters above the ground. Their weight, plus snow on the branch, caused the branch to break and all four tumbled down. Other branches below them broke and were later found scattered over the ground. Some sustained cracked skulls and ribs in the fall, but the injuries were not fatal. Those who fell out of the tree were injured, including Slobodin on the ground with a cracked skull. Heat from the AMMO started a smoldering fire with the branches that fell on or near it.

Ludmila Dubinina fell toward the AMMO and tried to scream. To scream we inhale. Dubinina inhaled and got a mouth full of antimatter water and water vapor. It annihilated her tongue and the lining of her mouth and throat (Digital Bits Skeptic, igor, 2008 March 11). The resulting gamma radiation seared her tissues, so she survived and did not bleed to death. She may have lost consciousness.

The conscious survivors prepared to leave and get medical attention. They removed clothing from the unconscious, Krivonischenko and Doroshenko. Dubinina’s coat and hat were found on Zolotarev. Dubinina revived, since she was wearing Valley Forge style boots in the form of Krivonishenko’s wool pants, when her body was recovered. The conscious set off wearing the outer clothing of the unconscious, which they had removed. Krivonishenko and Doroshenko never revived and died of hypothermia where they lay at the base of the tree.

Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, and Slobodin tried to make their way back to the tent but died of hypothermia on the way. The other four took another route and fell into a ravine, where a snow slide covered them with four meters of snow. They never dug their way out and died. None of the victims showed any signs of external injuries, and no trace of an explosion was ever found. Other explanations abound, but only AMMO is capable of explaining the weird details in such a compelling fashion.

For an extended analysis of AMMO read Antimatter Hypothesis.

Electrostatic to Gravitational Force Ratio

For charged subatomic particles the electrostatic force dominates the gravitational force at least on the order of 10³⁶. A billion is 10⁹, and 10³⁶ = 10⁹⁴ or a billion times a billion times a billion times a billion. Here are the mathematical derivations using the equations for the electrostatic force and the gravitational force.

Gravitational Force			Electrostatic Force			Force Ratio
Fg= G	m1m2		Fe= ke	q1q2		Fe	=	ke		q1q2
	r2			r2		Fg		G		m1m2

Constants
k_e = 8.987551787·10⁹ N m² C^-2
G = 6.67428·10^-11 N m² kg^-2

ke	=	8.987551787·109 C-2	= 1.34659·1020 kg2 C-2
G		6.67428·10-11 kg-2

Electron mass and charge
m_e = 9.10938215(45)·10⁻³¹ kg
q_e = −1.602176487(40)·10⁻¹⁹ C

Electron Electron
Fe	= 1.34659·1020	−1.60218·10−19 × −1.60218·10−19	= 4.16562·1042
Fg		9.10938·10−31 × 9.10938·10−31

Proton mass and charge
m_p = 1.672621637(83)·10⁻²⁷ kg
q_p = 1.602176487(40)·10⁻¹⁹ C

Proton Proton
Fe	= 1.34659·1020	1.60218·10−19 × 1.60218·10−19	= 1.23556·1036
Fg		1.67262·10−27 × 1.67262·10−27

Electron Proton
Fe	= 1.34659·1020	−1.60218·10−19 × 1.60218·10−19	= -2.26867·1039
Fg		9.10938·10−31 × 1.67262·10−27

Neutron mass and charge
m_n = 1.67492729(28)·10⁻²⁷ kg
q_n = 0 C

Neutron Neutron
Fe	= 1.34659·1020	0 × 0	= 0
Fg		1.67493·10−27 × 1.67493·10−27

An Inconvenient Truth: UFOs

"If a million people believe a foolish thing, it is still a foolish thing." - Anatole France.

Consensus holds no monopoly on the truth. It is human nature to seek validation of our beliefs and prejudices over accepting the truth. Dozens of ideas submitted to President Obama's Citizen's Briefing Book advocate UFO disclosure, and many more comments proclaim that we can handle the truth. If it is not what we expect to hear, can we really handle the truth? Many of the ideas and comments already anticipate disclosure of the existence of extraterrestrials, but what if the truth about UFOs is far more exotic, but mundane? Let's put our ability to handle the truth to the test.

"A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." – Max Planck

Consistency between theory and facts is a far better predictor of truth than consensus. A consistent and comprehensive scientific explanation does exist of a natural, albeit rare, cause for genuine UFO phenomenon, and I'll bet you can't handle it. First of all, you can't handle it because the idea is unfamiliar. Familiarity breeds understanding, whereas ignorance is self perpetuating. The natural explanation for UFOs is: antimatter meteors. If you haven't stopped reading you are already in the minority. My bet is secure. So for the rest of you, let me explain how antimatter meteors are consistent with most if not all observed UFO phenomena, and then I'll explain why each UFO vested interest won't accept it as the truth.

Antimatter Concepts

Matter is composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Antimatter is composed of the antiparticles of matter: antiprotons, positrons, and antineutrons. Particle-antiparticle pairs exhibit equal and opposite properties of electric charge and magnetic moment, but identical mass. Mass and energy are equivalent from Einstein's famous equation, E = mc², where energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. A particle-antiparticle pair annihilate each other and produce two gamma rays, high energy photons above the range of x-rays. In the other direction, pair production is the transformation of energy into a particle-antiparticle pair.

No Debris Remains at Crash Sites

When antimatter meteors enter Earth's atmosphere, electrons annihilate positrons, protons annihilate antiprotons, and free antineutrons decay into positrons and antiprotons, which get annihilated as stated above. The end result is that the mass of antimatter meteors is completely transformed into energy and leaves behind no physical trace to retrieve as evidence.

Reflective Metallic Surface

Electrons are attracted by the electrostatic force to surface positrons of antimatter meteors, but electrons repel each other by the same force. In Earth's vicinity, electrons form a reflective bubble around antimatter. Valence electrons give metal the look of a mirrored surface. Mirrored orbs fitting this description appear in NASA video taken during STS-37 and STS-51A shuttle missions. The electron bubble appears to pop and reform in the STS-51A video revealing this bubble like property.

Cloud Like Surface

Water molecules are electric dipoles. The negative end of water vapor dipoles is attracted to positrons, which are positive. When antimatter surface positrons are annihilated they leave behind antiprotons, the positive end of water vapor dipoles is attracted to antiprotons, which are negative. Water vapor therefore condenses around antimatter meteors that then appear cloud like in high humidity environments. In low humidity environments like Mexico City the metallic surface phenomena prevails.

Glowing Lights

When matter and antimatter annihilate each other the result is ionizing gamma radiation. Gamma rays are outside the visible spectrum, but with Compton scattering air molecules absorb and emit photons of specific wavelengths. The result is aurora like light effects in the vicinity of antimatter meteors glowing in the emission spectrum of air molecules, predominantly nitrogen and degenerate atoms due to annihilations down to hydrogen.

Energy Beams

When electrons are annihilated in the air surrounding antimatter meteors the residual positive ions become electron attractors. When electrons flow toward this positive electric potential a cascading electrostatic discharge happens in the form of lightning. Electrons flow through gas in florescent and neon tubes and stimulate the emission of photons, which is the same process in air around antimatter meteors due to electrostatic discharges. Electrostatic discharges will occur between ground and an antimatter meteor, or between a person standing on the ground and an antimatter meteor, or between an antimatter meteor and an airborne object.

Passengers Seen on Board

Any human observer looking at a spheroidal antimatter meteor surrounded by an electron bubble will see a distorted smaller image of themselves. Look at the back of a spoon bowl for comparison. The reflective quality of some UFOs has been described as a dull metallic gray finish, rather than shiny like a spoon. The shininess is a factor of the electron bubble density.

Windows Seen in Crafts

The reflective electron bubble will reflect anything in the surrounding environment. At night, people on the ground will see reflected lights around them. At night streetlights, car headlights and taillights, and light showing through building windows reflect in the electron bubble giving the impression of windows in an airborne craft. Regularly spaced streetlights give the impression of regularly spaced windows.

Disrupting Electronics

Because antimatter positrons annihilate electrons, an antimatter meteor near the Earth's surface will disturb electric ground and disrupt electric currents. When an aircraft is hit by lightning the electronics are interrupted. This is a similar effect. Ten ballistic missiles malfunctioned at Malmstrom Air Force Base in conjunction with the report of a "glowing red object" overhead, which is consistent with an antimatter meteor disrupting electric ground in a localized area.

Radar Reflections

Electromagnetic radiation does not distinguish between matter and antimatter. A metallic antimatter meteor will reflect radar microwaves. However, an electron bubble surrounding a non-metallic antimatter meteor will also reflect microwaves, but the electron bubble can pop and reform making radar reflections erratic. Over time a stationary antimatter meteor will dissolve by annihilations and disappear. See hovering and breakneck accelerations below, also observed on radar.

Hovering

Hovering is commonly observed in insects, hummingbirds, and helicopters. But also consider a bird or balloon riding hot air thermals. Particle-antiparticle pairs exhibit opposite values of electrostatic charge, positive and negative, and magnetic moment, north-south pole alignment. For symmetry to fully apply, and in agreement with UFO observations, matter and antimatter may also exhibit opposite values of gravitation, gravity and antigravity.

When a matter meteor enters Earth's gravitational pull, it accelerates and burns up due to air resistance and exhibits a debris tail. In NASA STS-80 space shuttle video a bright UFO enters frame and into Earth's atmosphere, decelerates, hovers and then adopts the rotation of the Earth above cloud level. A second UFO suddenly appears from nowhere in center frame and follows a parallel course. The distance between the object and space shuttle camera is greater than the distance between Seattle and Portland, a three hour freeway drive. No debris tail is observed.

Matter antimatter annihilations produce gamma radiation and explain the sudden appearance and continuous brightness via Compton scattering of a far away object, after the antimatter meteor enters Earth's atmosphere. Deceleration is explained by antigravity and air resistance. No debris tail is explained by annihilations rather that vaporizing disintegration that matter exhibits.

Matter gravitationally attracts matter. By symmetry, antimatter must gravitationally attract antimatter. The gravitational force between matter and antimatter must be one of three possibilities: attracting, repelling, or nullifying. Observational evidence indicates that UFOs somehow resist gravity. Opposite symmetrical electrostatic and magnetic properties are the rule in particle-antiparticle pair production. Opposite symmetrical gravitational forces are not outside the realm of possibility, and are consistent with the observed properties of UFOs.

Breakneck Accelerations

At the level of protons and electrons, the electrostatic force dominates the gravitational force by orders of magnitude in the range of ten to the thirty-sixth, or a billion times a billion times a billion times a billion. When sufficient antimatter positrons are annihilated by electrons, the remaining antimatter antiprotons are negatively charged. In the vicinity or a large negative electrostatic potential like the Earth or lightning, predominantly antiproton antimatter is electrostatically repelled far beyond the comparatively weak gravitational force of the Earth. Breakneck accelerations are often reported in the vertical direction away from the Earth. Jet Stream air currents, wind shear, and micro-bursts can propel antimatter to enormous speeds by just going with the air flow. Antimatter meteors are not immune to air resistance, but seek equilibrium within their surrounding medium like a balloon.

Right Angle Turns

Atmospheric air currents are layered. Hot air balloons navigate but vertical displacement out of and into these different air currents, which cause changes in direction. In addition, antimatter meteors exhibit antigravity properties, which we observe as frictionless motion like an air hockey puck floating on a cushion of air. Out-gassing or electrostatic forces can impart a transverse impetus to the direction of travel making right angle turns possible, which does not violate Newtonian laws of motion, since a transverse force is responsible. The intensity of gamma radiation produced by matter antimatter annihilations makes antimatter meteors appear larger and closer than they need to be to remain visible. Momentum is a function of mass. The momentum of a small mass antimatter meteor is easier to redirect than a larger mass.

Flying Saucer Shape

Some UFOs appear saucer shaped with a bulge in the center. Magnetic field lines around an antimatter ferrous asteroid take on the configuration of the Van Allen radiation belts around Earth. It is therefore possible that electrically charged particles trapped in the toroid shaped magnetic field lines appear to represent the surface of a saucer shaped craft. Alternatively, when antimatter meteors break apart antigravity binds the antimatter pieces together, while collectively opposing gravity. Therefore the antimatter pieces can take on a rings-of-Saturn configuration. Form an electron bubble around this internal structure and you get a flying saucer shape.

Formations

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke up into a string of smaller comets and collided with Jupiter in 1994. An antimatter meteor can be composed of any chemistry found in matter. An antimatter meteor can break up into many formations: a string of beads, mutually attracting bodies like a solar system or ring held together by antigravity, or mutually repelling objects like a star burst pattern when the electrostatic charge of ions repel each other by sudden changes as ions are formed or destroyed due to ionizing gamma radiation and annihilations.

Seemingly Intelligent Behavior

The non-ballistic trajectory of antimatter in a gravitational field, subject to air currents and out-gassing, gives the appearance and sense of intelligence where none exists. In the case of antimatter meteors, intelligence resides in the observer or subject, not in the object. Antimatter meteors pass the UFO equivalent of the Turing Test for Artificial Intelligence.

The NASA STS-75 "Tether Incident" is heralded by ufologists as the best evidence for the existence of extraterrestrials to date. Elsewhere in my blog I cross examine this evidence and support my conclusion that video tube and zoom lens artifacts record out of focus foreground ice crystals of water vented from the space shuttle in microgravity subject to solar radiation and shadows, and the human eye confuses luminosity for opacity, which logic dictates is incorrect. For full details see my blog entry.

Ball Lightning

Antimatter meteors are composed of the same stuff as interplanetary matter. In the intense heat of gamma radiation, antimatter comets vaporize into droplets. The increased surface area and therefore air fuel mixture increases the rate of annihilations and ionizing gamma radiation produced. The result is a hovering, glowing, sputtering object that produces heat from gamma radiation and emits light by Compton scattering. Ball lightning rides air currents but exhibits antigravity properties like that postulated for antimatter.

Crop Circles

The initial description of crop circles is a circular depression of crops. Ionizing gamma radiation destroys cellular structures and molecular bonds. Over exposure is lethal to biological organisms. Weakened plant stems then crumple to the ground. More complex crop circle patterns are therefore man made hoaxes, which have been demonstrated.

"Alien" bodies

Ionizing gamma radiation causes burns worse than sunburn. First, second, and third degree burns increase in severity, and can be lethal. So called crash victims suffer third degree burns. Some people experiencing close encounters suffer radiation poisoning. Antimatter meteors appear like shiny Christmas tree ornaments surrounded by glowing lights. Bodies are invariably described as short, which is consistent with children that curiosity killed.

Mutilated Cows

Most people seek shelter at night, whereas herds of cows are not sheltered at night. The night sky is exposed to meteor strikes. Antimatter is indigestible, so any living organism eating or being hit by antimatter is doomed to mutilation.

Abductions and Lost Time

Antimatter meteors disrupt electrical processes including biological nervous systems. Getting struck by lightning can stop a heart, breathing, and brain activity. A concussion can interrupt the mental capacity to store long term memory. This gap in memory can never be restored. The human mind fills in mental gaps to supply the missing information. False memories are the result. The initial cause is interruption of brain activity, which can be caused the disruption of electrical processes of the brain by antimatter meteors.

Secrecy

Government cover ups of UFOs have taken on many forms over the years. At first UFO phenomena was misunderstood. The Air Force mandate to protect American airspace was violated by UFOs. UFOs killed humans by gamma radiation, and the bodies were recovered and examined. At that stage the motive behind the UFO cover up was to stave off public panic. All evidence was sequestered to determine the truth about UFOs. When the truth of antimatter meteors was uncovered, secrecy took on a new mission. More secrecy surrounds antigravity research than the Manhattan project, which created the atomic bomb. Now nations all over the world have nukes. Disinformation surrounding antigravity is intended to prevent enemy states from connecting the dots and discovering that antimatter has antigravity properties, and developing antigravity vehicles.

Motives for Rejection

The truth concerning the antimatter meteor hypothesis is hard to handle for a number of reasons by different vested interests. Here are many of those reasons. "Don't confuse me with the facts. I have my mind made up."

ET Buffs

People who want to believe that interstellar tourists are visiting Earth will reject the antimatter meteor hypothesis since it provides a consistent and comprehensive explanation for most if not all observations concerning UFOs. That leaves little if any reason to support the ET hypothesis.

Whereas the antimatter meteor hypothesis does not preclude the existence of ET, it does commandeer most if not all the circumstantial evidence. Many who want to believe in ET hope that ET tech will save us from ourselves. Antimatter technology may help that cause, however the best possible policy in all circumstances is for us to rely on our own ingenuity to save ourselves.

Skeptics

Skeptics have served in the role of the inquisition for orthodox science concerning the UFO heresy. Ridicule and condescension have been their weapons. On the one hand the antimatter meteor hypothesis does provide a scientific explanation. However, acceptance of the antimatter meteor hypothesis is an admission of guilt that skeptics have served as obstructionists where truth is concerned, which violates the tenets of the scientific method they so fervently defend.

Scientific Peer Review Publications

The requirements for acceptance of a new theory by scientific peer review publications is to prove why the standard model is incorrect, and to provide mathematical proof of an alternate explanation. Antigravity as a minus sign in Newton's gravitational equations is not acceptable. Antimatter can only be contained within a vacuum, and as such is in short supply possibly only located at Area 51 if anywhere on Earth. Therefore the antimatter meteor hypothesis is speculative and as such is rejected by scientific peer review publications.

Astrophysicists

Many a tenured reputation has been built upon the counter intuitive assumption that a disparity of matter and antimatter exists in the universe. The antimatter meteor hypothesis is predicated upon the premise that parity does exists between matter and antimatter in the universe. This calls into question the Big Bang, which has been at the heart of cosmologists' reputation for over half a century. Einstein, for one, never endorsed the Big Bang idea. For an alternate cosmology consistent with the parity of matter and antimatter see my blog and website.

Scientists

The scientific establishment loses face in a big way should the antimatter meteor hypothesis prove true. Confirmation will expose the fact that the hardest of the hard sciences, physics, is not immune from errors of analysis, self deception, and hubris. The Big Bang will come to be known by future generations as this generation's equivalent of the medieval debate over how many angles can dance on the head of a pin. It will shake science to its core. The scientific method will be proven fallible, and common people will come to look upon scientists and scientific theories with skepticism and dismissal, whether or not it is deserved.

Black Ops

The ET debate has served well as a cover for secrecy regarding antigravity technology. The intended target of disinformation campaigns is for any competing group to spend valuable time and resources on dead end technological quests. Bob Lazar claimed that atomic element 115 exhibits antigravity properties, and that he gained that knowledge from classified documents he read at a facility near Area 51.

Corporations

Truth is the enemy of secrecy and vice versa. Corporations rely on patents, trade secrets, proprietary information, and non disclosure agreements to stifle competition. The disclosure that secrecy has prevented the commercial development of antimatter technology, with huge energy saving potential, will raise the question whether government and legal support for corporate secrecy violates the public interest and possibly the very survival of the human race.

UFO Investigators

Full disclosure will threaten the livelihood of these researchers. Self interest dictates that they therefore don't want the antimatter meteor hypothesis to be true.

Cable Program Producers

Many cable TV shows will suddenly have no value when the antimatter meteor hypothesis is generally accepted by the public. The economic interests of producers for these shows will lose earning power.

Conclusions

The antimatter meteor hypothesis may lack consensus, but it is consistent and comprehensive in its ability to explain the observed behavior of UFOs. As such, the antimatter meteor hypothesis is the only viable explanation for UFOs to date. Extraterrestrial vehicles begs the question of underlying technology. Any craft that emits gamma radiation is an incompetent design, which repudiates the probability of intelligent manufacture.

When it comes to making decisions, people routinely choose popularity over rigorous analysis, and familiarity over critical thinking. When the truth is inconvenient, we opt for convenience. CYA is human nature.

However, we measure progress by how well our theories match reality. Suppose the experts have it all wrong. How do we correct entrenched mistakes and overcome inertial resistance? It's not clear science or the scientific method has the answer to that one. It's not clear any other discipline has an answer either. Ignorance is bliss, but now you've encountered an alternate explanation for UFOs. Should you ever encounter a levitating, reflecting, glowing object and despite a temptation to reach out and touch it, recall my advice. Don't. CYA is human nature. Truth transcends context.

Antimatter Meteors

In "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" Thomas S. Kuhn states that the ability to explain anomalies is a hallmark of a paradigm shift. A modern anomaly is unidentified flying objects that in particular instances resemble the probable properties of antimatter meteors. Let's refer to these as antimatter matter objects or AMMO to avoid any confusion with flying saucer lore. When matter and antimatter come in contact, electrons annihilate positrons, and protons annihilate antiprotons. The result is ionizing gamma radiation, or high energy photons above the range of x-rays. Radiation is an unfortunate term referring to two distinct affects: radioactive decay of subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation.

First, second, and third degree burns are commonly associated with solar radiation (sunburn), and infrared radiation from fires. Betty Cash and companions suffered from ionizing gamma radiation, during what appears to be a textbook AMMO incident.

What does a matter-antimatter reaction look like anyway? To answer that question let's consider a thought experiment. The chain-reaction that occurs in an atom bomb is nuclear fission. Inside a solid radioactive substance like uranium or plutonium at critical mass the atoms decay into lighter elements and give off neutrons. These neutrons in turn trigger the decay of other atoms, which give off more neutrons. Over time the number of decays increases exponentially causing an explosion.

A hydrogen bomb is triggered by an atom bomb, where heavy hydrogen in the form of deuterium and tritium is compressed by the blast of the atomic bomb producing nuclear fusion. Atoms of hydrogen fuse to become helium and release a tremendous amount of energy in the instant of compression causing an explosion.

Now let's consider solid antimatter in matter air. First the density of air is much less than a solid. Second the reaction takes place where matter and antimatter come in contact, the surface. Therefore, since air is less dense than water, antimatter dissolves much slower in air than Alka-Seltzer dissolves in water. The annihilation process is not exponential, but proportional to the surface area of the antimatter and the density of the surrounding air.

Electrons attracted to antimatter surface positrons also repel each other, so full fledged electron coverage is problematic. However, when electrons and positrons do annihilate, gamma rays are created from the energy. Gamma rays can eject positrons from the surface of antimatter into the surrounding air via the photoelectric effect, or eject electrons from atmospheric molecules that may collide with the antimatter. This can sustain a chain reaction with surface positrons until no more remain. Ridding the surface of positrons makes the surface of the antimatter electrostatically negative, from the antiprotons, which attract protons. Atomic nuclei orphaned by electron annihilations are attracted to the positron deficient antimatter. The annihilation process would proceed along the lines of an oscillating electrostatic field peeling away the surface of the antimatter like the layers of an onion.

Depending on the size of the antimatter meteor we're talking maybe hours, not the seconds you'd expect from an explosion. For a potential real world time estimate on how fast matter annihilates antimatter watch the video at my blog entry: Best UFO footage ever?

Skeptics ask for physical evidence of UFOs, however antimatter dissolves in matter leaving behind only the aftermath of gamma radiation exposure, while the outside-in dissolving process is slower than metal in acid or Alka-Seltzer in water. Therefore, the no debris at crash sites defense doesn't apply to AMMO. People coming in contact with AMMO would suffer from radiation poisoning, overexposure being lethal. Bodies at crash sites could be humans that curiosity killed, no extraterrestrial intelligence required.

The electrostatic force is far greater than the gravitational force. Between electrons and protons this difference is on the order of ten to the thirty-sixth, or a billion times a billion times a billion times a billion, which is a good thing since the electrostatic force forms molecular bonds. This gives antimatter part of its anomalous properties. Electrons are attracted to antimatter positrons, but electrons repel each other. AMMO are observed with a reflective metallic surface. Electrons would form a bubble around antimatter, which is consistent with these observations (see NASA STS-37 and STS-51A artifacts).

The water molecule is an electric dipole. Water vapor would also be attracted to ionized AMMO, which would appear cloud like. An AMMO icy comet would appear like ball lightning. AMMO is consistent with the original description of crop circles. Ionizing gamma radiation causes aurora effects, which is consistent with neon like lights emanating from the vicinity of AMMO, where the color of the lights is determined by the emission spectrum of different atomic elements and molecules in the surrounding air.

From the observed properties of AMMO, either antimatter repels matter or matter and antimatter neutralize the gravitational affects of each other, meaning that antimatter is frictionless in a gravitational field (see NASA STS-80 artifacts). This property is a goldmine for antimatter technology. Frictionless or buoyant vehicles derived from antimatter technology could greatly reduce the energy consumption of transportation on Earth and from Earth into Earth orbit.

At this stage the existence of antimatter meteors is speculative, supported by circumstantial evidence. The up side is low energy transportation. Confirmation of antimatter would undermine UFO skeptics and extraterrestrial believers alike, as well as big bang cosmologists, who advocate a disparity between matter and antimatter.

An urban myth claims that only an extraterrestrial invasion could unify the human race. How about an extraterrestrial opportunity? Harnessing antimatter technology would change the future of transportation. Just imagine the energy efficient delivery of satellites into orbit. Air transportation would never fall out of the sky and crash again, because that would defy the law of antigravity. Antimatter harvested from outer space, safely outside Earth’s atmosphere, will seed a new industry of practical applications for antimatter technology.

NASA needs to accept a new mission to determine whether the existence of antimatter can be confirmed by observations. When verified NASA needs to capture antimatter and work to make it commercially available. Antimatter would need to be sealed in a vacuum surrounded by an insulating layer of matter to embed in future manmade vehicles.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Malmstrom and Vandenberg incidents

Here's a video from Larry King Live where a panel discusses two UFO incidents involving US missile defense systems. At Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana a "glowing red object" appeared over the base and ten missiles were disabled. An antimatter matter object (AMMO) gives off gamma rays when electrons and positrons annihilate each other. Gamma rays are ionizing radiation. The red glow could be the emission lines of nitrogen, the major constituent of air, or hydrogen, from liberated protons and antiprotons during matter antimatter annihilations. The change in electrostatic potential can cause a localized disruption in electric ground. Since missile guidance systems are electronic a disruption in electric ground could cause the missiles to malfunction as described.

At Vandenberg Air Force Base a missile launch was filmed from a mountain top through a telescope. At the final stage a UFO was filmed coming into the film frame, rounding the warhead, and exiting the frame. A few times the UFO sent a beam of energy at the warhead. The electrostatic force is the most powerful force governing the flight characteristics of an AMMO. The beam of energy could be an electrostatic discharge, like lightning. An AMMO in the neighborhood of the warhead could be attracted by the electrostatic force and when the electrostatic potential was dissipated, due to the electrostatic discharges, the AMMO could head elsewhere.

Antimatter is necessarily extraterrestrial in origin, since antimatter is annihilated in Earth's atmosphere and that explains why no debris is found at crash sites. However no intelligent agent controls the actions of AMMO.

Antimatter Hypothesis: STS-121

A phenomenon similar to that exhibited during the STS-80 shuttle mission was recorded by video during the STS-121 shuttle mission. An antimatter meteor is a viable explanation. The meteor does not appear until it hits Earth's atmosphere, and is preceded by lightning. Electrons in Earth's atmosphere are attracted to antimatter meteor surface positrons.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Challenging Convention

Science operates like a single party political system. Rarely do we find two, rival, scientific factions sustaining a two party system. When factions compete, one faction dominates the other into submission; winner take all. Voting, in the scientific sense, amounts to rallying supporters to adopt one party line over all competitors. It takes a revolution to overthrow the existing order, and defeat is final. Name one discredited scientific theory that has ever regained preeminence. It doesn’t happen. So how would the antigravity hypothesis fare against the incumbent cosmological models of the Big Bang and outside-in galaxy formation?

As a second party candidate, the antigravity hypothesis is officially denied access to the ballot. This is regrettably true. The equivalent of campaigns and elections in the scientific community is peer review publications. The antigravity hypothesis is theoretical speculation, a flight of fantasy based upon circumstantial evidence. As such, it is automatically disqualified from the scientific peer review process. Science fiction is far more tolerant than science fact.

Intelligent design, or creation science or creationism, all faced the same obstacle. Instead of engaging in the formal scientific peer review process, divine intervention proponents formed their own peer review publications, but is that legitimate? Is going outside the system to change the system a credible alternative, or simply self delusional? When speculation cannot get a fair hearing within the conventional peer review process, is it valid to change peers?

Conservative talk radio has arisen as a peer review alternative to conventional media. Christians and Muslims are peer review alternatives to Judaism. Advertising promotes a consumer peer review alternative to competitors’ products. And conspiracy theorists promote a peer review alternative to establishment views. Any peer review process needs to expose two faults: delusion and fraud. Danger lies in peer review alternatives that ban or ridicule dissent.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Consistency

So let’s review the implications of the antigravity hypothesis that we’ve identified so far...

Pair production makes a particle and an antiparticle from energy, and conservation laws dictate that these products exhibit opposite properties, which has been verified in atomic accelerator experiments for electric charge and magnetic moment. Gravitational compliance with conservation laws implies that antigravity is a property of antimatter, since normal gravity is a property of matter. The electrostatic force is ten to the thirty-six times greater than gravity.

The preservation of parity implies that the universe contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter. Neucleosynthesis can produce light atomic elements. However, fusion is required to produce heavier atomic elements. Fusion happens in the core of stars. Planetary nebula scatter elements as heavy as oxygen. Stars that form planetary nebula become white dwarfs. Supernovas scatter elements heavier than oxygen. Stars that go supernova become neutron stars or black holes. Stars are either all matter or all antimatter, since matter and antimatter annihilate each other producing gamma rays.

Only antimatter can escape a matter black hole, and only matter can escape an antimatter black hole. Pair production of a neutron and an antineutron within a black hole results in the expulsion of hydrogen protoplasm. Black holes give birth to globular clusters and galaxies. Rural black holes reside in the intergalactic medium which is the same parity of matter as the hydrogen protoplasm that it generates. Urban black holes acquire an accretion disk that is the same parity of matter as the black hole, and produce jets. Jets produce spiral galaxies from the inside out, which evolve into elliptical galaxies. Photons fuel black holes. Creation is local to galaxies, and repulsive gravitational forces between matter and antimatter produce an expanding universe.

One thing leads to another. While investigating the consistency of nature, we’ve also explored the nature of consistency. So what requirements remain to be established to elevate the antimatter hypothesis to the status of a theory?

Antimatter Hypothesis: The Matrix

The antimatter hypothesis began with the assumption that antimatter exhibits the property of antigravity. Since then we’ve investigated the implications of the antimatter hypothesis. The electrostatic force exhibits symmetry. The magnetic force exhibits. If the gravitational force also exhibits symmetry, then the combined forces can be arranged like this.

Primordial Force Field Matrix
	North					Antigravity
			N		↑
			⇑	⁄
Negative	–	⇐	0	⇒	+	Positive
		⁄	⇓
	↓		S
Normal Gravity	South

The primordial force field matrix is composed of the three fundamental forces of nature. Positive and negative are symmetrical electric charges. North and south are symmetrical magnetic poles. Normal gravity and antigravity are symmetrical gravitational forces. Zero at the center is the neutral state for all three symmetrical forces. Humanity is currently isolated at one unit of Earth gravity this side of zero, along the gravitational axis. Aesthetically this matrix would look lopsided if antigravity did not exist.

The strength of the north magnetic pole increases in the upward direction. The strength of the south magnetic pole increases in the downward direction. The amount of negative electric charge accumulates to the left. The amount of positive electric charge accumulates to the right. Normal gravity increases toward us, and antigravity increases away from us.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Age of the Universe

In the Big Bang cosmological model, the age of the universe is measured since the instant of a hypothetical initial event. In the cyclical cellular cosmological model, age is measured in generations of galaxies since the first galaxy of the extant species, which is shrouded in prehistory like the origin of life on Earth. If each parent galaxy had two offspring, then in twenty generations over a million galaxies are born in the last generation. In thirty generations that number is over a billion, which is power of two, exponential growth that coincides with the cellular growth pattern observed in cellular biology. However, in the local group of galaxies to which the Milky Way belongs there are over thirty five galaxies and about one hundred and fifty globular clusters. How many will survive to produce offspring is anybody’s guess. A galactic generation is the measure of time from the formation of a matter black hole to the formation of an antimatter black hole. Whatever the age of a galactic generation, the universe is incredibly ancient, far older than conventional astrophysicists predict.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Population Explosion

A black hole is a cosmic cell nucleus, and hydrogen is cosmic protoplasm. The black hole and hydrogen are constructed from antiparticles of each other. We are witnesses to an ongoing process of creation. But why is the universe expanding? Why is the mass of the universe increasing? If mass were constant, then the universe would oscillating back and forth between a matter black hole and an antimatter black hole, like a slinky.

But galaxies give birth to black hole litters of dozens, and many black holes grow into healthy galaxies. The continual increase in mass of a growing universe challenges the concept of entropy. In the cyclical cellular cosmological model all the momentum in the universe sums to zero, all the matter and antimatter plus the amount locked in black holes annihilates to zero, what remains is photons that are the antiparticles of themselves. Photons and photon momentum also sum to zero. The universe is a divergent vacuum fluctuation.

So how do black holes generate more output than the amount of their initial mass? Black holes absorb electromagnetic radiation produced by the fusion of stars. In addition to their original mass, black holes tap energy from their surrounding environment and convert that energy into the mass of neutral nucleons: neutrons or antineutrons.

The observed red shift is not only caused by the Doppler Effect, but red shift is also susceptible to Compton scattering and gravitational red shift. Light travels fastest through a vacuum, but intergalactic space contains the remains of countless generations past. This slows down the speed of light in a particle medium, and interactions with particles produce thermal heating and Compton scattering. The cosmic microwave background radiation is blackbody radiation from photon thermal friction.

Galaxies and galaxy clusters act like gravitational lenses that produce gravitational red shifts.

NASA, ESA, and the SLACS Survey team: A. Bolton (Harvard/ Smithsonian), S. Burles (MIT), L. Koopmans (Kapteyn), T. Treu (UCSB), and L. Moustakas (JPL/Caltech)
European Space Agency, NASA, J.-P. Kneib (Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées) and R. Ellis (Caltech)
W.N. Colley and E. Turner (Princeton University), J.A. Tyson (Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies) and NASA
The universe is expanding in the fashion of cellular growth by the repulsion of opposite gravitational forces, but red shifts are inconsistent and inaccurate measurements of expansion rate, time, and distance. Expansion of the universe is governed by fractal cosmology. Clusters bunch together and form extended features like the Great Wall and the Sloan Great Wall that the Big Bang cannot explain.

W. Schaap (Kapteyn Institute, U. Groningen) et al., 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
Take a close look at this composite image of a galaxy cluster. At the center is an elliptical galaxy. Blue represents x-rays, yellow visible, and red radio waves.

Hubble and Chandra: NASA, ESA, CXC, STScI, and B. McNamara (University of Waterloo)
Very Large Array Telescope: NRAO, and L. Birzan and team (Ohio University)
Let’s take another look at the electromagnetic spectrum. The conventional interpretation for this image is that color represents temperature. According to the experts, the intergalactic temperature of the blue area is fifty million degrees. That’s hard to believe. The antimatter hypothesis alternate explanation is that the source of the x-rays is gamma rays from the annihilation of particles and antiparticles.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio	Microwave	Infrared	Visible	Ultraviolet	X-ray	Gamma ray

Notice that gamma rays have higher energy than x-rays. Energy increases to the right. Photons lose energy through absorption. Compton scattering produces photons from the excess energy that atoms cannot absorb. The absorption spectrum of an atom or molecule is identical to its emission spectrum. This image is consistent with the cyclical cellular cosmological model.

Radio waves, on the lower end of the spectrum, are the least energetic. We agree with the experts that the radio waves are generated by jet particles, but we disagree about the mechanism that produces jets, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and the universe.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Galaxy Clusters

Globular clusters form around black holes emitting hydrogen protoplasm. Clusters grow from the inside-out.

NASA, ESA, G. Miley and R. Overzier (Leiden Observatory), and the ACS Science Team
Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble)
Harvesting the intergalactic medium globular clusters spawned from elliptical galaxies increase in size into irregular dwarf galaxies.

2MASS
NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSFC/SDSS
A baby galaxy emits glowing hydrogen gas in a galaxy cluster. Elliptical galaxies are preferentially located at the cores of galaxy clusters.

RDCS1252: NASA, ESA, J. Blakeslee (Johns Hopkins University), M. Postman (Space Telescope Science Institute) and P. Rosati, Chris Lidman & Ricardo Demarco (European Southern Observatory)
TNJ1338: NASA, ESA, G. Miley (Leiden Observatory) and R. Overzier (Leiden Observatory)
A massive elliptical galaxy resides in the core of a galaxy cluster.

ESA & Jean-Paul Kneib (Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees)
Galaxies cluster together since siblings are born of the same parent.



NASA’s Galaxy Evolution Explorer found three-dozen local newborn galaxies. Creation is happening at all distances, which supports cyclical cellular cosmology over Big Bang mythology.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/Johns Hopkins


With galaxies multiplying all around. Some are bound to come in contact.

NASA, Jayanne English (University of Manitoba), Sally Hunsberger (Pennsylvania State University), Zolt Levay (Space Telescope Science Institute), Sarah Gallagher (Pennsylvania State University), and Jane Charlton
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Max Planck Institute
Hubble offers a collection of images of merging galaxies.

NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University), K. Noll (STScI), and J. Westphal (Caltech)
With so many merging galaxies to study, surely some galaxies should exhibit artifacts of interactions between normal gravity and antigravity. On those occasions a pair of neighboring galaxies should gravitationally repel each other, which is expected behavior should normal gravity and antigravity coexist in the universe.

NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

Antimatter Hypothesis: Solar Systems

NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI
After enough hydrogen accumulates, stars ignite chain reaction thermonuclear cores as hydrogen fuses into helium. Larger stars fuse heavier and heavier atomic elements. Novas and supernovas scatter the atomic elements throughout the galaxy. From the debris, solar systems form.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Novas

A supernova is an exploding star that becomes a neutron star or a black hole. A nova exhibits a different mechanism, where a white dwarf star accumulates hydrogen from a companion star, and a cataclysmic nuclear explosion ensues. At least that’s the conventional explanation.

Can stellar objects less dense than black holes produce hydrogen protoplasm? The Crab Nebula presents an intriguing case, where X-ray emissions might represent annihilations attenuated by Compton scattering. Integral, an orbiting gamma-ray observatory satellite, discovered an antimatter cloud near the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The distribution of the antimatter cloud corresponds with the configuration of X-ray binary stars.
Assuming that a white dwarf star can separate neutron antineutron pair production then the antimatter hypothesis can propose another mechanism for novas. If the source of nova hydrogen is pair production, then the companion star might be the opposite polarity of matter. The conventional binary system would have different gravitational dynamics than a matter antimatter binary system, which means the antigravity hypothesis leads to a prediction that can be verified observationally. A matter matter binary system would need orbital velocity to keep the two stars from colliding. A matter antimatter binary system would not. If the orbital velocity of a binary system proves inadequate to maintain separation, then antigravity becomes a viable explanation.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Elliptical Galaxies

The oldest, most evolved galaxies are elliptical galaxies, which contain old stars but little interstellar gas or dust. According to incumbent cosmologists, elliptical galaxies formed from merging galaxies, and dust bands around elliptical galaxies are the remains of collisions.





In the cyclical cellular cosmological model the dust bands around elliptical galaxies are the remains of dust rims around spiral galaxies, which evolved into elliptical galaxies nurtured from the inside-out.


A jet at the core of an elliptical galaxy indicates that the jet process that produces spiral galaxies also produces elliptical galaxies. Elliptical galaxies evolve from spiral galaxies.

P. Crane (European Southern Observatory), and NASA/ESA
Stars concentrate at the core of elliptical galaxies building from the inside-out. Hot young blue stars gorge on hydrogen protoplasm near the core of elliptical galaxy M32.

M32: Tod R. Lauer/NASA
NASA and Thomas M. Brown, Charles W. Bowers, Randy A. Kimble, Allen V. Sweigart (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) and Henry C. Ferguson (Space Telescope Science Institute)
Young star clusters harvest the hydrogen protoplasm dissipating from the center of an old elliptical galaxy.


When jets build up enough resistance near the parent black hole, the hydrogen protoplasm is deflected away from the plane of the disk, and form a disk bulge. The disk bulge grows and disk galaxies evolve into elliptical galaxies.

Roeland P. van der Marel (STScI), Frank C. van den Bosch (Univ. of Washington), and NASA
NASA, Gerald Cecil (University of North Carolina), Sylvain Veilleux (University of Maryland), Joss Bland-Hawthorn (Anglo-Australian Observatory), and Alex Filippenko (University of California at Berkeley)
NASA and Jeffrey Kenney and Elizabeth Yale (Yale University)
NASA, W. Keel (University of Alabama), M. Ledlow (Gemini Observatory), F. Owen (NRAO) and AUI/NSF
NASA, Gemini Observatory and W. Keel (University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa)

Antimatter Hypothesis: Spiral Galaxies

Pressure builds up in front of a stationary jet. By offsetting the direction of the jet the pressure eases, and the jet begins its precession. According to the antimatter hypothesis, the precession of a jet is the mechanism for producing spiral galaxies. In conventional cosmology galaxies form from the outside-in. In the cyclical cellular cosmological model galaxies form from the inside-out.


The structure of spiral galaxies depends on the amount of resistance encountered by the surrounding antiparticle medium. Initially antiparticles occupy the territory outside the spiral arms. With minimal resistance near the black hole parent a barred spiral galaxy forms. The greater the resistance the jets encounter the faster its precession rate and the tighter the arms swirl into the pattern of twin spirals.

NASA, ESA, and A. Pellerin (STScI)
The volume of the jets depends on the mass of the black hole parent and hydrogen protoplasm birth rate. The pressure of the jets depends on the magnetic field strength and opposite gravity from the black hole and the focusing power of the accretion disk. Time is another factor. Dark matter antineutrinos are produced during neutron decay adding gravitation to the formation process of galaxies.

High velocity jets emanating from the central galactic black hole generate X-ray when hitting slower particles, indicating inside-out galaxy formation. Or the antiparticle medium gets sandwiched between spiral arms of galaxy M106, in which case the imagery exhibits the annihilation of matter and antimatter between the spiral arms that produce gamma rays, which are reduced in frequency through Compton scattering to X-rays. Either way is inconsistent with conventional cosmology.

M106: NASA/JPL-Caltech; X-ray: CXC/Univ. of Maryland/A.S. Wilson et al.; Optical: Pal.Obs. DSS; IR: VLA: NRAO/AUI/NSF

blue	x-rays
red	infrared
yellow	optical
violet	radio

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with two major arms.


Core bulges of galaxies are hydrogen nurseries for new stars.


Far ultraviolet radiation occurring around Andromeda’s arms might be the result of annihilations or a nurturing intergalactic medium. Andromeda’s active core reveals young blue stars surrounded by older cooler red stars indicating an abundance of hydrogen produced by the black hole at the core of the galaxy.

NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL/California Institute of Technology
NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI)
Infant star clusters are found in the center of galaxy NGC 1512.

NASA, ESA, and D. Maoz (Tel-Aviv University and Columbia University)
The oldest part of a galaxy disk is the rim where dust from the debris of supernovas is concentrated, and the first black holes of the next generation are born.




Jets form the bar of barred spiral galaxies seen in the visible spectrum image at right. The left image is the same area in ultraviolet. Arms produced by jets spread out from the center of spiral galaxies.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC


The precession direction of the jets reversed to produce back spinning spiral arms within the same galaxy. Try explaining that with outside-in galaxy formation. With the inside-out galaxy formation of cyclical cellular cosmology the black hole at the center of the galaxy got clobbered by an impact, which changed the precession direction of the jets that produce the spiral arms.


In Hoag’s Object the spiral arms propagated all the way to the edge of the galactic disk. Interrupted jets produce a ring galaxy.


NGC 1291: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC