Antimatter Hypothesis: Challenging Convention

Science operates like a single party political system. Rarely do we find two, rival, scientific factions sustaining a two party system. When factions compete, one faction dominates the other into submission; winner take all. Voting, in the scientific sense, amounts to rallying supporters to adopt one party line over all competitors. It takes a revolution to overthrow the existing order, and defeat is final. Name one discredited scientific theory that has ever regained preeminence. It doesn’t happen. So how would the antigravity hypothesis fare against the incumbent cosmological models of the Big Bang and outside-in galaxy formation?

As a second party candidate, the antigravity hypothesis is officially denied access to the ballot. This is regrettably true. The equivalent of campaigns and elections in the scientific community is peer review publications. The antigravity hypothesis is theoretical speculation, a flight of fantasy based upon circumstantial evidence. As such, it is automatically disqualified from the scientific peer review process. Science fiction is far more tolerant than science fact.

Intelligent design, or creation science or creationism, all faced the same obstacle. Instead of engaging in the formal scientific peer review process, divine intervention proponents formed their own peer review publications, but is that legitimate? Is going outside the system to change the system a credible alternative, or simply self delusional? When speculation cannot get a fair hearing within the conventional peer review process, is it valid to change peers?

Conservative talk radio has arisen as a peer review alternative to conventional media. Christians and Muslims are peer review alternatives to Judaism. Advertising promotes a consumer peer review alternative to competitors’ products. And conspiracy theorists promote a peer review alternative to establishment views. Any peer review process needs to expose two faults: delusion and fraud. Danger lies in peer review alternatives that ban or ridicule dissent.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Consistency

So let’s review the implications of the antigravity hypothesis that we’ve identified so far...

Pair production makes a particle and an antiparticle from energy, and conservation laws dictate that these products exhibit opposite properties, which has been verified in atomic accelerator experiments for electric charge and magnetic moment. Gravitational compliance with conservation laws implies that antigravity is a property of antimatter, since normal gravity is a property of matter. The electrostatic force is ten to the thirty-six times greater than gravity.

The preservation of parity implies that the universe contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter. Neucleosynthesis can produce light atomic elements. However, fusion is required to produce heavier atomic elements. Fusion happens in the core of stars. Planetary nebula scatter elements as heavy as oxygen. Stars that form planetary nebula become white dwarfs. Supernovas scatter elements heavier than oxygen. Stars that go supernova become neutron stars or black holes. Stars are either all matter or all antimatter, since matter and antimatter annihilate each other producing gamma rays.

Only antimatter can escape a matter black hole, and only matter can escape an antimatter black hole. Pair production of a neutron and an antineutron within a black hole results in the expulsion of hydrogen protoplasm. Black holes give birth to globular clusters and galaxies. Rural black holes reside in the intergalactic medium which is the same parity of matter as the hydrogen protoplasm that it generates. Urban black holes acquire an accretion disk that is the same parity of matter as the black hole, and produce jets. Jets produce spiral galaxies from the inside out, which evolve into elliptical galaxies. Photons fuel black holes. Creation is local to galaxies, and repulsive gravitational forces between matter and antimatter produce an expanding universe.

One thing leads to another. While investigating the consistency of nature, we’ve also explored the nature of consistency. So what requirements remain to be established to elevate the antimatter hypothesis to the status of a theory?

Antimatter Hypothesis: The Matrix

The antimatter hypothesis began with the assumption that antimatter exhibits the property of antigravity. Since then we’ve investigated the implications of the antimatter hypothesis. The electrostatic force exhibits symmetry. The magnetic force exhibits. If the gravitational force also exhibits symmetry, then the combined forces can be arranged like this.

Primordial Force Field Matrix
	North					Antigravity
			N		↑
			⇑	⁄
Negative	–	⇐	0	⇒	+	Positive
		⁄	⇓
	↓		S
Normal Gravity	South

The primordial force field matrix is composed of the three fundamental forces of nature. Positive and negative are symmetrical electric charges. North and south are symmetrical magnetic poles. Normal gravity and antigravity are symmetrical gravitational forces. Zero at the center is the neutral state for all three symmetrical forces. Humanity is currently isolated at one unit of Earth gravity this side of zero, along the gravitational axis. Aesthetically this matrix would look lopsided if antigravity did not exist.

The strength of the north magnetic pole increases in the upward direction. The strength of the south magnetic pole increases in the downward direction. The amount of negative electric charge accumulates to the left. The amount of positive electric charge accumulates to the right. Normal gravity increases toward us, and antigravity increases away from us.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Age of the Universe

In the Big Bang cosmological model, the age of the universe is measured since the instant of a hypothetical initial event. In the cyclical cellular cosmological model, age is measured in generations of galaxies since the first galaxy of the extant species, which is shrouded in prehistory like the origin of life on Earth. If each parent galaxy had two offspring, then in twenty generations over a million galaxies are born in the last generation. In thirty generations that number is over a billion, which is power of two, exponential growth that coincides with the cellular growth pattern observed in cellular biology. However, in the local group of galaxies to which the Milky Way belongs there are over thirty five galaxies and about one hundred and fifty globular clusters. How many will survive to produce offspring is anybody’s guess. A galactic generation is the measure of time from the formation of a matter black hole to the formation of an antimatter black hole. Whatever the age of a galactic generation, the universe is incredibly ancient, far older than conventional astrophysicists predict.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Population Explosion

A black hole is a cosmic cell nucleus, and hydrogen is cosmic protoplasm. The black hole and hydrogen are constructed from antiparticles of each other. We are witnesses to an ongoing process of creation. But why is the universe expanding? Why is the mass of the universe increasing? If mass were constant, then the universe would oscillating back and forth between a matter black hole and an antimatter black hole, like a slinky.

But galaxies give birth to black hole litters of dozens, and many black holes grow into healthy galaxies. The continual increase in mass of a growing universe challenges the concept of entropy. In the cyclical cellular cosmological model all the momentum in the universe sums to zero, all the matter and antimatter plus the amount locked in black holes annihilates to zero, what remains is photons that are the antiparticles of themselves. Photons and photon momentum also sum to zero. The universe is a divergent vacuum fluctuation.

So how do black holes generate more output than the amount of their initial mass? Black holes absorb electromagnetic radiation produced by the fusion of stars. In addition to their original mass, black holes tap energy from their surrounding environment and convert that energy into the mass of neutral nucleons: neutrons or antineutrons.

The observed red shift is not only caused by the Doppler Effect, but red shift is also susceptible to Compton scattering and gravitational red shift. Light travels fastest through a vacuum, but intergalactic space contains the remains of countless generations past. This slows down the speed of light in a particle medium, and interactions with particles produce thermal heating and Compton scattering. The cosmic microwave background radiation is blackbody radiation from photon thermal friction.

Galaxies and galaxy clusters act like gravitational lenses that produce gravitational red shifts.

NASA, ESA, and the SLACS Survey team: A. Bolton (Harvard/ Smithsonian), S. Burles (MIT), L. Koopmans (Kapteyn), T. Treu (UCSB), and L. Moustakas (JPL/Caltech)
European Space Agency, NASA, J.-P. Kneib (Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées) and R. Ellis (Caltech)
W.N. Colley and E. Turner (Princeton University), J.A. Tyson (Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies) and NASA
The universe is expanding in the fashion of cellular growth by the repulsion of opposite gravitational forces, but red shifts are inconsistent and inaccurate measurements of expansion rate, time, and distance. Expansion of the universe is governed by fractal cosmology. Clusters bunch together and form extended features like the Great Wall and the Sloan Great Wall that the Big Bang cannot explain.

W. Schaap (Kapteyn Institute, U. Groningen) et al., 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
Take a close look at this composite image of a galaxy cluster. At the center is an elliptical galaxy. Blue represents x-rays, yellow visible, and red radio waves.

Hubble and Chandra: NASA, ESA, CXC, STScI, and B. McNamara (University of Waterloo)
Very Large Array Telescope: NRAO, and L. Birzan and team (Ohio University)
Let’s take another look at the electromagnetic spectrum. The conventional interpretation for this image is that color represents temperature. According to the experts, the intergalactic temperature of the blue area is fifty million degrees. That’s hard to believe. The antimatter hypothesis alternate explanation is that the source of the x-rays is gamma rays from the annihilation of particles and antiparticles.

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio	Microwave	Infrared	Visible	Ultraviolet	X-ray	Gamma ray

Notice that gamma rays have higher energy than x-rays. Energy increases to the right. Photons lose energy through absorption. Compton scattering produces photons from the excess energy that atoms cannot absorb. The absorption spectrum of an atom or molecule is identical to its emission spectrum. This image is consistent with the cyclical cellular cosmological model.

Radio waves, on the lower end of the spectrum, are the least energetic. We agree with the experts that the radio waves are generated by jet particles, but we disagree about the mechanism that produces jets, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and the universe.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Galaxy Clusters

Globular clusters form around black holes emitting hydrogen protoplasm. Clusters grow from the inside-out.

NASA, ESA, G. Miley and R. Overzier (Leiden Observatory), and the ACS Science Team
Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble)
Harvesting the intergalactic medium globular clusters spawned from elliptical galaxies increase in size into irregular dwarf galaxies.

2MASS
NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSFC/SDSS
A baby galaxy emits glowing hydrogen gas in a galaxy cluster. Elliptical galaxies are preferentially located at the cores of galaxy clusters.

RDCS1252: NASA, ESA, J. Blakeslee (Johns Hopkins University), M. Postman (Space Telescope Science Institute) and P. Rosati, Chris Lidman & Ricardo Demarco (European Southern Observatory)
TNJ1338: NASA, ESA, G. Miley (Leiden Observatory) and R. Overzier (Leiden Observatory)
A massive elliptical galaxy resides in the core of a galaxy cluster.

ESA & Jean-Paul Kneib (Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees)
Galaxies cluster together since siblings are born of the same parent.



NASA’s Galaxy Evolution Explorer found three-dozen local newborn galaxies. Creation is happening at all distances, which supports cyclical cellular cosmology over Big Bang mythology.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/Johns Hopkins


With galaxies multiplying all around. Some are bound to come in contact.

NASA, Jayanne English (University of Manitoba), Sally Hunsberger (Pennsylvania State University), Zolt Levay (Space Telescope Science Institute), Sarah Gallagher (Pennsylvania State University), and Jane Charlton
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Max Planck Institute
Hubble offers a collection of images of merging galaxies.

NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University), K. Noll (STScI), and J. Westphal (Caltech)
With so many merging galaxies to study, surely some galaxies should exhibit artifacts of interactions between normal gravity and antigravity. On those occasions a pair of neighboring galaxies should gravitationally repel each other, which is expected behavior should normal gravity and antigravity coexist in the universe.

NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

Antimatter Hypothesis: Solar Systems

NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI
After enough hydrogen accumulates, stars ignite chain reaction thermonuclear cores as hydrogen fuses into helium. Larger stars fuse heavier and heavier atomic elements. Novas and supernovas scatter the atomic elements throughout the galaxy. From the debris, solar systems form.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Novas

A supernova is an exploding star that becomes a neutron star or a black hole. A nova exhibits a different mechanism, where a white dwarf star accumulates hydrogen from a companion star, and a cataclysmic nuclear explosion ensues. At least that’s the conventional explanation.

Can stellar objects less dense than black holes produce hydrogen protoplasm? The Crab Nebula presents an intriguing case, where X-ray emissions might represent annihilations attenuated by Compton scattering. Integral, an orbiting gamma-ray observatory satellite, discovered an antimatter cloud near the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The distribution of the antimatter cloud corresponds with the configuration of X-ray binary stars.
Assuming that a white dwarf star can separate neutron antineutron pair production then the antimatter hypothesis can propose another mechanism for novas. If the source of nova hydrogen is pair production, then the companion star might be the opposite polarity of matter. The conventional binary system would have different gravitational dynamics than a matter antimatter binary system, which means the antigravity hypothesis leads to a prediction that can be verified observationally. A matter matter binary system would need orbital velocity to keep the two stars from colliding. A matter antimatter binary system would not. If the orbital velocity of a binary system proves inadequate to maintain separation, then antigravity becomes a viable explanation.

Antimatter Hypothesis: Elliptical Galaxies

The oldest, most evolved galaxies are elliptical galaxies, which contain old stars but little interstellar gas or dust. According to incumbent cosmologists, elliptical galaxies formed from merging galaxies, and dust bands around elliptical galaxies are the remains of collisions.





In the cyclical cellular cosmological model the dust bands around elliptical galaxies are the remains of dust rims around spiral galaxies, which evolved into elliptical galaxies nurtured from the inside-out.


A jet at the core of an elliptical galaxy indicates that the jet process that produces spiral galaxies also produces elliptical galaxies. Elliptical galaxies evolve from spiral galaxies.

P. Crane (European Southern Observatory), and NASA/ESA
Stars concentrate at the core of elliptical galaxies building from the inside-out. Hot young blue stars gorge on hydrogen protoplasm near the core of elliptical galaxy M32.

M32: Tod R. Lauer/NASA
NASA and Thomas M. Brown, Charles W. Bowers, Randy A. Kimble, Allen V. Sweigart (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) and Henry C. Ferguson (Space Telescope Science Institute)
Young star clusters harvest the hydrogen protoplasm dissipating from the center of an old elliptical galaxy.


When jets build up enough resistance near the parent black hole, the hydrogen protoplasm is deflected away from the plane of the disk, and form a disk bulge. The disk bulge grows and disk galaxies evolve into elliptical galaxies.

Roeland P. van der Marel (STScI), Frank C. van den Bosch (Univ. of Washington), and NASA
NASA, Gerald Cecil (University of North Carolina), Sylvain Veilleux (University of Maryland), Joss Bland-Hawthorn (Anglo-Australian Observatory), and Alex Filippenko (University of California at Berkeley)
NASA and Jeffrey Kenney and Elizabeth Yale (Yale University)
NASA, W. Keel (University of Alabama), M. Ledlow (Gemini Observatory), F. Owen (NRAO) and AUI/NSF
NASA, Gemini Observatory and W. Keel (University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa)

Antimatter Hypothesis: Spiral Galaxies

Pressure builds up in front of a stationary jet. By offsetting the direction of the jet the pressure eases, and the jet begins its precession. According to the antimatter hypothesis, the precession of a jet is the mechanism for producing spiral galaxies. In conventional cosmology galaxies form from the outside-in. In the cyclical cellular cosmological model galaxies form from the inside-out.


The structure of spiral galaxies depends on the amount of resistance encountered by the surrounding antiparticle medium. Initially antiparticles occupy the territory outside the spiral arms. With minimal resistance near the black hole parent a barred spiral galaxy forms. The greater the resistance the jets encounter the faster its precession rate and the tighter the arms swirl into the pattern of twin spirals.

NASA, ESA, and A. Pellerin (STScI)
The volume of the jets depends on the mass of the black hole parent and hydrogen protoplasm birth rate. The pressure of the jets depends on the magnetic field strength and opposite gravity from the black hole and the focusing power of the accretion disk. Time is another factor. Dark matter antineutrinos are produced during neutron decay adding gravitation to the formation process of galaxies.

High velocity jets emanating from the central galactic black hole generate X-ray when hitting slower particles, indicating inside-out galaxy formation. Or the antiparticle medium gets sandwiched between spiral arms of galaxy M106, in which case the imagery exhibits the annihilation of matter and antimatter between the spiral arms that produce gamma rays, which are reduced in frequency through Compton scattering to X-rays. Either way is inconsistent with conventional cosmology.

M106: NASA/JPL-Caltech; X-ray: CXC/Univ. of Maryland/A.S. Wilson et al.; Optical: Pal.Obs. DSS; IR: VLA: NRAO/AUI/NSF

blue	x-rays
red	infrared
yellow	optical
violet	radio

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with two major arms.


Core bulges of galaxies are hydrogen nurseries for new stars.


Far ultraviolet radiation occurring around Andromeda’s arms might be the result of annihilations or a nurturing intergalactic medium. Andromeda’s active core reveals young blue stars surrounded by older cooler red stars indicating an abundance of hydrogen produced by the black hole at the core of the galaxy.

NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA/JPL/California Institute of Technology
NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI)
Infant star clusters are found in the center of galaxy NGC 1512.

NASA, ESA, and D. Maoz (Tel-Aviv University and Columbia University)
The oldest part of a galaxy disk is the rim where dust from the debris of supernovas is concentrated, and the first black holes of the next generation are born.




Jets form the bar of barred spiral galaxies seen in the visible spectrum image at right. The left image is the same area in ultraviolet. Arms produced by jets spread out from the center of spiral galaxies.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC


The precession direction of the jets reversed to produce back spinning spiral arms within the same galaxy. Try explaining that with outside-in galaxy formation. With the inside-out galaxy formation of cyclical cellular cosmology the black hole at the center of the galaxy got clobbered by an impact, which changed the precession direction of the jets that produce the spiral arms.


In Hoag’s Object the spiral arms propagated all the way to the edge of the galactic disk. Interrupted jets produce a ring galaxy.


NGC 1291: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC